Nobel Prizes in Medicine and Physiology

• Deutsche Version

(List, not checked)

1901

E. A. v. Behring (Germany)

1902

Sir R. Ross (United Kingdom)

1903

N. R. Finsen (Denmark)

1904

I. P. Pawlow (Russia)

1905

R. Koch (Germany)

1906

C. Golgi (Italy)

S. Ramón y Cajal (Spain)

1907

Ch. L. A. Laveran (France)

1908

P. Ehrlich (Germany)

I. Metschnikow (France, Russia)

1909

Th. Kocher (Switzerland)

1910

A. Kassel (Germany)

1911

A. Gullstrand (Sweden)

1912

A. Carrel (USA, France)

1913

Ch. Richet (France)

1914

R. Barány (Austria)

1915 -

1916 -

1917 -

1918 -

1919

J. Bordet (Belgium)

1920

A. Krogh (Denmark)

1921 -

1922

A. V. Hill (United Kingdom)

O. Meyerhof (Germany)

1923

F. G. Banting (Canada)

J. J. R. Macleod (Canada)

1924

W. Einthoven (Netherlands)

1925 -

1926

J. Fibiger (Denmark)

1927

J. Wagner-Jauregg (Austria)

1928

Ch. Nicolle (France)

1929

Chr. Eijkman (Netherlands)

Sir F.G. Hopkins (United Kingdom)

1930

K. Landsteiner (USA, Austria)

1931

O. H. Warburg (Germany)

1932

Ch. S. Sherrington (United Kingdom)

E.D. Adrian (United Kingdom)

1933

Th. H. Morgan (USA)

1934

G. R. Minot (USA)

W. P. Murphy (USA)

G.H. Whipple (USA)

1935

H. Spemann (Germany)

1936

Sir H.H. Dale (United Kingdom)

Otto Loewi (Austria, 1873-06-03 - 1961-12-25)

1937

A. Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt (Hungary)

1938

C. Heymans (Belgium)

1939

G. Domagk (Germany)

1941 -

1942 -

1943

H. Dam (Denmark)

E. A. Doisy (USA)

1944

J. Erlanger (USA)

H.S. Gasser (USA)

1945

E. B. Chain (United Kingdom, Germany)

Sir A. Fleming (United Kingdom)

Sir H. W. Florey (United Kingdom)

1946

H. J. Muller(USA)

1947

Carl F. u. Gerty T. Cori (USA, Czechoslovakia)

B. Houssay (Argentina)

1948

P. Müller (Switzerland)

1949

W. R. Hess (Switzerland)

A. Egas Moniz (Portugal)

1950

Ph. S. Hench (USA)

E. C. Kendall (USA)

T. Reichstein (Switzerland)

1951

M. Theiler (USA, South Africa)

1952

S. A. Waksman (USA, Russia)

1953

H. A. Krebs (United Kingdom, Germany)

F.A. Lipmann (USA, Germany)

1954

J. F. Enders (USA)

F. C. Robbins (USA)

Th.H. Weller (USA)

1955

H.A.T. Theorell (Sweden)

1956

A.F. Cournand (USA, France)

W. Forssmann (Germany)

D.W. Richards (USA)

1957

D. Bovel (Italy, Switzerland)

1958

G.W. Beadle (USA)

J. Lederberg (USA)

E.L. Tatum (USA)

1959

A. Kornberg (USA)

S. Ochoa (USA, Spain)

1960

Sir P.M. Burnet (Australien)

P.B. Medawar (United Kingdom)

1961

G. v.Bekesy (USA, Hungary)

1962

Francis H. C. Crick (United Kingdom, 1916-06-08 - 2004-07-28)

James D. Watson (USA, *1928-04-26)

Maurice Wilkins (United Kingdom, 1916-12-15 - 2004-10-05)

for their discovery of the structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

1963

Sir J. C. Eccles (Australien)

A. L. Hodgkin (United Kingdom)

A. F. Huxley (United Kingdom)

1964

K. Bloch (USA, Germany)

Feodor Lynen (Germany)

1965

F. Jacob (France)

A. Lwoff (France)

J. Monod (France)

1966

C. B. Huggins (Canada)

F. P. Rous (USA)

1967

R. Granit (Sweden)

H. K. Hartline (USA)

G. Wald (USA)

1968

R. W. Holley (USA)

H. G. Khorana (USA)

M. W. Nirenberg (USA)

1969

M. Delbrück (USA, Germany)

A. Hershey (USA)

S. Luria (USA)

1970

B. Katz (United Kingdom)

U. S. v. Euler-Chelpin (Sweden)

J. Axelrod (USA)

1971

W. Sutherland (USA)

1972

G.M. Edelman (USA)

R. Porter (United Kingdom)

1973

K. v. Frisch (Austria)

K. Lorenz (Austria)

N. Tinbergen (Netherlands)

1974

A. Claude (Belgium)

Ch. de Duve (Belgium)

G.E. Palade (USA)

1975

D. Baltimore (USA)

R. Dulbecco (USA)

H. Temin (USA)

1976

B. Blumberg (USA)

D.C. Gajdusek (USA)

1977

R. Guillemin (USA)

A. Schally (USA)

R. Yalow (USA)

1978

W. Arber (Switzerland)

D. Nathans (USA)

H. Smith (USA)

1979

A. M. Cormack (USA)

G. N. Hounsfield (United Kingdom)

1980

B. Benacerraf (USA)

George Davis Snell (USA, 1903-12-19 - 1996-06-06)

J. Dausset (France)

1981

R. W. Sperry (USA)

D. H. Hubel (USA)

T. N. Wiesel (Sweden)

1982

S. K. Bergström (Sweden)

B. I. Samuelsson (Sweden)

J. R. Vane (United Kingdom)

1983

B. McClintock (USA)

1984

N. K. Jerne (Denmark)

G. F. K. Köhler (Germany)

C. Milstein (Argentina)

1985

M. F. Brown (USA)

J. L. Goldstein (USA)

1986

St. Cohen (USA)

R. Levi-Montalcini (Italy, USA)

1987

S. Tonegawa (Japan)

1988

Sir J. W. Black (United Kingdom)

Gertrude B. Elion (USA, +1999-02-21)

G.H. Hitchings (USA)

1989

Michael J. Bishop (USA)

Harold E. Varmus (USA)

1990

Joseph E. Murray (USA)

E. Donnall Thomas (USA)

1991

E. Neher (Germany)

B. Sakmann (Germany)

1992

Edmond H. Fischer (USA, *1920)

Edwin G. Krebs (USA, *1918)

Discovery of mechanisms for the regulation of proteins in the human body

1993

Richard J. Roberts (USA, *1943)

Phillip A. Sharp (USA, *1944)

(Mosaic genes)

1994

Alfred G. Gillman (USA, *1941-07-01)

Martin Rodbell (USA, *1925-12-01)

Signal transfer within cells, discovery of G proteins

1995

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (Germany, *1942-10-20)

Eric F. Wieschaus (USA, *1947-06-07)

Edward B. Lewis (USA, *1918-05-20)

for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development (studies of Drosophila melanogaster, cf. Nature 287, 795 (1980))

1996

Peter C. Doherty (Australia, *1940-10-15)

Rolf M. Zinkernagel (Switzerland, *1944-01-06)

for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence (T lymphocytes)

1997

Stanley B. Prusiner (USA, *1942-05-28)

for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection

1998

Robert F. Furchgott (USA, *1916-06-04)

Louis J. Ignarro (USA, *1941-05-31)

Ferid Murad (USA, *1936-09-14)

for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system

1999

Günter Blobel (USA, Germany, *1936-05-21)

for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell

2000

Arvid Carlsson (Sweden, *1923-01-25)

Paul Greengard (USA, *1925-12-11)

Eric Kandel (Austria/USA, *1929-11-07)

for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system

2001

Leland H. Hartwell (USA, *1939)

R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt (United Kingdom, *1943)

Sir Paul M. Nurse (United Kingdom, *1949)

for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle

2002

Sydney Brenner (United Kingdom, *1927)

H. Robert Horvitz (USA, *1947)

John E. Sulston (United Kingdom, *1942)

for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death

2003

Paul C. Lauterbur (USA, *1929)

Sir Peter Mansfield (United Kingdom, *1933)

for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging

2004

Richard Axel (USA, *1946)

Linda B. Buck (USA, *1947)

for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

2005

Barry J. Marshall (Australia, *1951)

J. Robin Warren (Australia, *1937)

for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

2006

Andrew Z. Fire (USA, *1959)

Craig C. Mello (USA, *1960)

for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

2007

Mario R. Capecchi (USA, *1937 in Italy)

Sir Martin J. Evans (United Kingdom, *1941)

Oliver Smithies (USA, *1925 in UK)

for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells (knockout mice)

2008

Harald zur Hausen (Germany, *1936)

for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer

Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (France, *1947)

Luc Montagnier (France, *1932)

for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

2009

Elizabeth H. Blackburn (Australia/USA, *1948)

Carol W. Greider (USA, *1961)

Jack W. Szostak (USA, *1952 in UK)

for their discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase